second world war

World War II devastating international conflict began on July 7, 1937 in Asia and September 1, 1939 in Europe and ended in 1945 with the surrender of Japan. Armed forces from 70 countries participated in naval and ground battles.

The Second World War was the most comprehensive and costly war in the history of humankind. The Second World War took nearly 60 million human lives between the military and the civilian population.

Civilians suffered more casualties in World War II than any war throughout history, due to heavy aerial bombardment of towns and villages created by the Nazi army, which required allies to reciprocate, killing civilians on both sides, in addition to massacres committed by the army Against the Chinese and Korean people to the list of civilian casualties, bringing the number of innocent victims and soldiers to 51 million people, or 2% of the world population in that period.

The peace resulting from the decisions of the Paris Conference of 1919 is a major insult to Germany because the Treaty of Versailles has torn its territorial and human unity. This conference has also caused great disappointment for Italy because it ignored its colonial ambitions.

This incomplete peace has resulted in the emergence of several areas of tension due to the influx of national sentiment, especially the Sudeten and the Polish corridor, and therefore the incomplete peace of 1919 and the subsequent grudges and hatred of the deep causes of the Second World War.

The countries affected by the economic crisis of the 1930s adopted the economic economy, which is based on limiting imports and encouraging exports by reducing the value of money. This led to a trade war that contributed greatly to the tension of international relations.

The crisis of the 1930s also highlighted the great economic disparities between the democracies (France, Britain and the United States of America), which alone monopolized 80% of the world's gold balance and possessed colonial empires, vast areas of influence and dictatorial regimes (Italy, Germany, Japan) To re-divide the colonies to ensure what it called the vital area, which led to conflict of interest and increased tension in international relations and posed a direct threat to world peace.

The League of Nations sought to achieve world peace and common security among all countries of the world through dialogue and arbitration working on arms control, but that organization has not achieved the hoped-for success in solving the various international crises.

The occupation of Manchuria province in northeastern China by Japan in 1931 without any decisive reaction from the international organization.

The failure of the Geneva Conference on Disarmament and the reduction of the danger of the arms race and the withdrawal of Germany from the League of Nations in 1933 as an expression of its adherence to the legitimacy of its demand to rebuild its military power and the abolition of the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles of unfair terms in their right.

The occupation of Ethiopia by Italy in 1935 and 1936 and the failure of economic sanctions imposed on them after the withdrawal of Germany and Japan from the League of Nations and France abstained from the application of those sanctions.

Thus, the power of dictatorial regimes grew at a time when the prestige of democratic regimes had declined.

The positions of the United States of America, Britain and France on the extremism that dominated the policies of the military regime in Japan and the Fascist in Italy and the Nazis in Germany were marked by indifference and negativity. The United States has reestablished a policy of isolationism against the problems of the European continent and the rest of the world. The Conservatives also considered after their arrival in power in Britain that the demands of German Chancellor Adolf Hitler is limited and can be discussed and reached an agreement with him in it. In France, where left-wing parties sought to get closer to the Soviet Union and right-wing parties to the alliance of Benito Mussolini, French public opinion believed that France was incapable of confronting Germany alone.

Thus, the decline of the prestige of democracies against the challenges of dictatorial regimes has been a clear demonstration of the failure of the common security policy adopted by the League of Nations.

This alliance emerged clearly on the occasion of the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) when General Francesco Franco, with the support of the Conservatives, led a coup against the Popular Front, which won the 1936 elections and promised to establish a democratic system.

Franco won the support of dictatorial regimes (Italy and Germany), both soldiers and arms, while the Republicans from Britain, France and the Soviet Union received little support from the desire of these countries to enter into armed confrontation with Germany and Italy.

Thus, Franco's accession to power in Spain supported the front of the dictatorial regimes in Europe.

Germany's failure to implement the economic sanctions against Italy after its invasion of Ethiopia led to the rapprochement between Hitler and Mussolini and the declaration of the two states about the formation of the Rome-Berlin axis in 1936. While an anti-communist alliance between Germany and Japan was one that feared the Soviet Union would stand against its expansionist policy in China. An alliance that supports Italy's fascist accession.

German Chancellor Hitler began to apply his expansionist policy through:

Austria was annexed to Germany in March 1938, after the arrival of the Austrian leader Nazi Incret to power and his invitation to the German armies to annex Austria to the motherland.

The Sudetenland, which was home to nearly 3 million Germans, was established following the Munich Conference in September 1938, which was attended by France, Britain, Italy and Germany and which met Hitler's regional ambitions.

This conference had a direct negative impact on the territorial integrity of Czechoslovakia. As soon as Hitler got to the Sudetenland without any reaction from the democratic states, Poles and Hungarians invaded and occupied the Czech lands adjacent to their lands and inhabitants from Poland and Hungary. Thus, only Czechoslovakia remained to be occupied by the Germans at the beginning of World War II.

In Western Europe, many welcomed the outcome of the conference, thinking that Hitler's demands would stop at this point and that Europe would enjoy peace once it had achieved its vital role in the East. But things went against what they thought because Hitler found in the weak position of democratic states at the Munich conference to encourage him in his expansionist policy, which will push the world to the beginning of a new world war.

In March 1939 Hitler annexed the Czech region of Mimel to its territory. In April of the same year Mussolini invaded Albania and signed a military pact with Hitler called the Steel Alliance. Then, after a long warning and hesitation, the British and the French felt the danger and announced the guarantee of the borders of Poland and their desire to sign a treaty of friendship with Joseph S

With Joseph Stalin but caution and distrust between the Western democracies and Stalin prompted Hitler to turn to these moves and sign a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union on August 23, 1939. One of the most serious provisions of this treaty is a secret clause that provides for the division of Poland and the Baltic States between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.

Poland emerged as an independent nation following the First World War. The Treaty of Versailles with the defeated Germany was cut off from its territory by the Danzig region and made under the League of Nations a free zone linked to Poland through a customs union. This region formed the Polish corridor, which was also cut off from Germany under the Treaty of Versailles and granted to Poland as its port on the Baltic Sea. Mother Germany As Hitler sought to bring together the German people in one country, Poland demanded that Danzig and the Polish corridor be returned to Germany. This was strongly rejected by Poland at the beginning, based on the support of France and Britain, while the countries sought to find a way out of this crisis. On the morning of September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland. Britain sent an ultimatum to Germany to withdraw its troops from Poland immediately. Otherwise, the war between the two countries was considered. France followed the example of Britain and the world was divided into Allied and Axis camps, thus the beginning of the Second World War.

Overall view

Members of the Nazi party took part in the Nuremberg march in 1938 and their flags bore the Nazi emblem of the swastika. The Nazi party took power in Germany in 1933.

World War II is one of the largest military battles between armies in various parts of the world in modern history, and we can divide the war into two parts:

The first part was in Asia in 1937 (Japanese War).

The second part was the continent of Europe in 1939 and the start of the German invasion of Poland, this military entanglement led to the division of the world into two parties or two forces, Allies Allies Axis Axis.

- The largest armies of the world were formed in the world war, about 100 million military soldiers, which led to this war being the largest and most widespread in the history of modern military wars. The Second World War reduced the concept of civilian life. In combat as soldiers and legions in the battlefields, and it is reported that two thirds of those killed were civilians.

- The Second World War led to significant activity or progress in many economic, industrial and even scientific capacities, all of which were used to serve the war. The cost of the war is estimated at $ 1 trillion (estimated in 1944), making it the most expensive war in terms of costs And spirits.

Sequence events historically

The Allies won the Second World War. As a result, the United States and the Soviet Union formed the world's two largest powers, leading to the so-called Cold War, which lasted for 45 years and ended with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989.

Japan invaded and controlled the city of Manchuria in 1931. Two years later, the Nazi Party in Germany under the leadership of Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, which made Germany rearm and changed its foreign policy. In 1938, Hitler began to move to expand the eastern province of Germany.

- In 1937, Japan launched a total invasion of Chinese territory, beginning with the bombing of the cities of Shanghai and Ganzoho and the Nanking massacre.

- At that time in Europe, Germany joined Italy in escalating dialect and foreign political discourse.

The British government under the leadership of Neville Chamberlain described the Soviet Union as the most hostile and threatening force in Europe. Britain and France used the policy of appeasement in the hope that Germany would be a shield against the Soviet Union and stop the spread of its influence.

- Finally, in September 1939, Germany invaded Poland in conjunction with the Soviet Union, which led to the outbreak of war again in Europe.

First, France or Britain did not declare war on Germany; they tried to contact Hitler through diplomatic channels. Hitler never responded to these calls. Britain and France declared war against Germany. During the years 1939 - 1940, there were some skirmishes between the two sides, but neither side intended to engage directly with the other party. This period was called the counterfeit war.

- In the spring of 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway, then France and some other countries early in the summer. Italy also declared war against Britain and France in 1940.

- Germany sent arrows to Britain and tried to cut aid and air aid to a naval blockade of the British island.

- Germany was unable to impose a naval blockade on Britain, instead Germany intensified attacks on British territory during the war. For its part, Britain tried to focus the confrontation with the German and Italian forces in the Mediterranean basin.

- The British army was able to achieve limited success in the Mediterranean basin, however, failed to prevent the Axis from occupying the Balkans *.

- The British succeeded in their difficulties in the theater of the Mediterranean, causing great damage to the Italian naval fleet, and the first defeat they caused the German army in the battle of Britain *.

- The war intensified in June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union, which forced the latter to join as a British ally in the war. The German attacks were very successful and had good results in Soviet territory until the onset of winter.

- After the invasion of Chinese and French territory in 1940, Japan had to date an increase in economic sanctions by the United States of America, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Japan tried to reduce these sanctions through diplomatic channels with the parties through negotiations. These negotiations did not result in anything. This prompted the pace of the war to increase when Japan launched rapid attacks on the US territory in the so-called Pearl Harbor incident or the Pearl Harbor and the British colonies in Southeast Asia, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Germany declared war on the United States also, and as a result, the United States entered into a military tension with Japan, which led to the unification of the war in Asia and Europe into a single world war.

- In 1942, when the United States won the Midway battle against Japan, but four Japanese aircraft were destroyed, the Germans also retreated from the Anglo-American attacks in Africa. The Germans also renewed their attacks on The Soviet Union in the summer but not as before.

This led to the defeat of the Germans in the battle of Stalingrad by the Soviet soldiers, and later in the battle of Kursk (the largest battle to use heavy armor in modern history) and the German forces began to retreat from Africa, and began the Allied forces to advance to northern Italy through Sicily, This forced Italy to sign a surrender treaty in 1943. At the Pacific level, Japanese troops began to lose control of the territory they occupied, because American forces began to control one island after another in the Pacific Ocean.

In 1944, the scenes of the war began to be clear, with the Axis countries losing control. Germany began to retreat from the attacks of the Soviet Union through pressure on occupied Soviet territory, Poland and Romania to the east, and from the west Allied forces invaded Europe, France and reaching the borders of West Germany. At the same time Japan was able to launch successful attacks on China. The Japanese fleet was suffering in the Pacific, which led to the tightening of US forces control of airports through the long-range bombing of Tokyo.

- The end of the war in 1945 in the battle of the gap (the last counterattack from Germany to the West) at a time when Soviet forces took control of Berlin in May, these losses led to the surrender of Germany, the Asian theater also witnessed the control of US forces on the Japanese islands (Ayogima, Okinawa, at the same time British forces had taken control of Southeast Asia, resulting in the surrender of Japan.It was finally the Soviet invasion of Manchuku, and the United States threw atomic bombs on Japanese territory (Hiroshima and Nagasaki).

European theater

World War II in Europe and North Africa (1939-1942). The heavily armed German forces placed many European countries under the control of the Axis Powers during the early stages of the war. By November 1942, the territories occupied by the Axis Powers had spread from Norway to North Africa, from France to the Soviet Union. That month

After the defeat of Germany in the First World War, the Treaty of Versailles laid down some of the sanctions and conditions on this state, including substantial financial compensation (some of which were paid by Germany) and the loss of some land (temporarily), not the economic collapse and inflation suffered by Germany after World War I The terms of the treaty, all of which led to inflated feelings of discontent among the Germans, making Adolf Hitler and his party access to the rule of Germany.

At the same time, the fascist leader Benito Mussolini gained control of Italy in 1923, turning Italy into a fascist state. The convergence of ideas between Hitler and Musselini led to a strong relationship between the two leaders, after Hitler took power in Germany, He and Musselini agreed to form a so-called alliance between Rome and Berlin, under the name of the "hard alliance or the solid charter." Japan then joined the alliance with the former parties. Japan also signed a treaty with Germany in 1939 called Anti-Communism, which was directed against the Soviet Union In particular, some other powers then made small Rh join the ranks of the Axis Powers.

Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union were considered to be the fiercest enemies of each other. However, the Munich agreement was signed between the two parties, which required the handover of Czechoslovakia to Germany, and the political reality led the Soviet Union to sign a non-aggression pact between Germany and the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, This agreement includes the division of Poland, the Baltic Republics and Finland between the two parties.

The war actually started in Europe on September 1, 1939, when the Nazi German army used a tactic called "Blitzkrieg", a tactic used by the army to attack his opponent quickly and took him by surprise so that the opponent could not prepare himself to meet his enemy. 1939 in Poland which has been pledged