FIRST WORLD WAR : CAUSES RESULTS and HISTORY

World War I is also called the Great War and the war that ended all wars is a war that took place in Europe and then spread to the rest of the world during the years between 1914 and 1918. The war began when the Austro-Hungarian Empire invaded the Kingdom of Serbia. Russia declared war on Austria. Germany entered the war as an ally of Austria and France and Britain entered as allies of Russia. The tripartite accord was composed of Russia, France and the United Kingdom, and the tripartite alliance was the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Germany and Italy. Chemical weapons were first used in World War I and civilians were first bombed from the sky in history.

The war witnessed human victims not seen in history before, and the ruling and dominant dynasties of Europe, which originated in the Crusades, fell and the political map of Europe was changed. World War I is the seed of ideological movements such as communism and future conflicts such as World War II, and even the Cold War.

The war was the beginning of the New World and the end of European aristocracies and monarchies. It was the promoter of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, which in turn changed Chinese and Cuban politics and paved the way for the Cold War between the two giants, the Soviet Union and the United States. The brightness of Nazi glamor is attributed to Germany's defeat in the war and left many things hanging even after the war. War has taken a new form in its methods of technology intervention in a great deal in the war and the entry of parties to the war and the war and the whole of the slice of civilians. After wars were fought by two opposing armies on the battlefield away from civilian life, populated cities were battlegrounds, killing millions of victims

the reasons

Colonial rivalry

The progress of the industrial revolution led to the development of colonialism, a sharp development that made the disposal of goods, access to raw materials and the exploitation of capital an issue of pressing European policy, which was found by the politicians only through the possession of colonies was necessary to clash and conflict between the colonial powers themselves.

The dispute over sea control has also emerged, especially between Britain, which considers itself the seaside and the united Germany, which has developed its fleet very quickly.

Differences between Germany and France over the Alsace and Lorraine provinces, which were annexed by Germany after the 1870 war, also intensified, and the two countries also did not agree on their precedence over the occupation of the Far East. Therefore, the conflict between them about this country was known as the first crises in 1905 and 1906, during which Germany expressed its commitment to its commercial interests in this country. The second crisis occurred in 1911, when German forces entered Agadir and threatened France with the use of force. France was forced to give up part of the Congo colony to Germany in exchange for its hand in Morocco.

Alliances and arms race

The fierce competition between the European powers to expand their colonial sphere led to the conclusion of secret agreements and the establishment of military alliances. The tripartite alliance between Germany and the Austrian Empire of Hungary and Italy, an unstable ally, quickly emerged from Italy and replaced by the Ottoman Empire. France, Britain and Russia.

These coalitions led to an arms race, particularly through the extension of military service and the increase in the number of armed forces in Germany, France and Russia.

The Sarajevo incident

Gavrilu Principe, assassin Franz Ferdinand

On June 28, 1914, a Serbian student assassinated the Crown Prince of Austria and his wife during their visit to Sarajevo in the region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, causing a diplomatic crisis between Serbia and Austria ended a month after Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914 and this announcement began the mechanism of European alliances in action as Russia rushed to support Serbia and the declaration of war on Austria, Germany declared war on Russia.

Thus, the Sarajevo incident is the wick that ignited the First World War and when Russia began mobilizing against Austria in Hungary, Germany declared war against Russia on 1/8. But it also declared war on France on 3/8, and began its invasion through Belgium. Britain soon declared war on Germany on August 4, and Austria declared war on Russia. Italy stayed for a period of neutrality, in a desire not to be dragged to stand with one of the parties before it became clear the reality of the situation. The United States was isolated overseas. The historically hostile Ottoman state of Russia, whose ties to Germany grew, did not enter the war until October 29 when its fleet bombed Russian ports on the Black Sea.

= Military operations

The war lasted four years, during which it turned from a European war to a world war.

The European War (1914-1916)

This period witnessed two periods, the first of which was known as the War of the Movement and the second by the trench warfare.

War of the Movement

The military movements during this period were characterized by the speed of movement on all fronts. The first victories were for the benefit of the tripartite alliance led by Germany. However, the Al-Wefaq countries managed to put an end to the advance of the coalition forces after decisive battles, most notably the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of Somme in France in 1916.

trench warfare

France 1917

The war on the western and Russian fronts, in particular, took the form of stability in the sites and the opposing armies on the fronts dug, fortified and equipped the trenches, using new weapons such as tanks and aircraft.

Other parties entered the war, such as Italy and the Ottoman Empire, which joined the tripartite alliance

The European war is turning into a world war

Transforming the Path of War (1917)

The three countries of the tripartite agreement established a naval blockade against the countries of the tripartite alliance with the aim of strangling it economically. The Germans fought a submarine war that targeted all ships, even neutral ones, in order to prevent them from reaching Britain. Among the ships that were docked were a number of American ships, which led the United States to enter the war Along with the nations of the war, the war became universal.

Return to the War of the Movement (1917-1918)

The departure of Russia from the war after the success of the Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917 and the signing of its leader Lenin by a separate peace treaty with Germany (Treaty of Brest Litovsk 1918) played a decisive role in pushing Germany to launch an intensive attack on France in order to occupy it before the arrival of American support. Fuchs was able to stop the Germans from advancing and winning them in the Battle of Marne in northeastern France.

Triumph of the Tripartite Tripartite States

The arrival of US forces in France in July 1917 marked an important shift in the course of the war because it helped the armies of concord to launch a counterattack against the Germans. These forces retreated hundreds of kilometers, while the armies of the conciliation had eliminated the Ottoman forces in Syria and Egypt and advanced towards Asia Minor itself. In the Balkans, the Reconciliation Forces forced Bulgaria to surrender in September 1918. The Ottoman Empire sought peace in October of the same year, as did Austria in early November. Germany did not find surrender and signed a truce on November 11, 1918 after failing to confront the Triple Accord bloc alone..

The War of 1915

In 1334 AH (1915), the Germans achieved more victories over the Allies. They defeated the Russians in the Battle of Gorlis Tarnow in Rajab 1333 (May 1915). They occupied Poland and most of the cities of Lithuania and tried to cut off lines of communication between the Russian armies and their bases to destroy them. The Russians, however, made some partial victories against the Germans, costing them 325,000 Russian prisoners, after which the Russian army could not recover.

German success led the Russians to subdue the Balkans, and the Austrian and German forces crossed the Danube to fight the Serbs and inflict a severe defeat on them.

In Germany, the German front stood firm in the face of attacks by the French and British armies, although there was concern in British public opinion about the lack of British Army munitions and the demand for a coalition government. There were changes in the Russian military leadership.

The War of 1916

That year was marked by two major battles, one of which lasted seven months, and the other four months, the Battle of Verdun and the Somme. In the first battle, the Germans lost 240,000 dead and wounded, while the French lost 275,000. The Battle of Somme in which the Allies managed to force the Germans to retreat 100 square miles, and this battle on the old German army, and became dependent on young recruits, and lost the British army in this battle sixty thousand dead and wounded on the first day.

During the year, the Russians launched a campaign against Austria led by General Prosilov and captured 450,000 prisoners of Austrian and Hungarian troops. This victory encouraged Romania to declare war on Austria and Hungary. The war against it, and the Germans swept the Romanians in six weeks and entered Bucharest.

The submarine war and the United States

In 1916, a naval war broke out in the North Sea between the German and British fleets known as the "Gatland", during which the German fleet left its ports to fight the English fleet in the hope of lifting the naval blockade imposed on Germany. The battle was not decisive. The Germans withdrew even though they had The British fleet suffered great losses. In that period, the Germans resorted to a submarine war to sink any merchant ship without warning to starve Britain and force it to surrender. But this war provoked the United States and pushed it into the war in April 1917, The Germans did To try to lure Mexico to attack the United States in exchange for the inclusion of three US states to it.

Before the war, the United States embraced the Monroe Doctrine, which was based on isolating America in its foreign policy on Europe and not allowing any European country to interfere in American affairs. But US commanders saw it in their country's interest to benefit from the war by entering it.

The Allies benefited from enormous American capabilities and supplies in strengthening their war effort and narrowed the blockade on Germany, weakening them.

The War of 1917

One of the important events of 1336 (1917) was the success and success of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, the signing of the Bolsheviks by Brest Litovsk with the Germans in Jumada II 1336 AH (1918 AD) and the departure of Russia from the war. This year also saw the French attack the German forces with the help of the English forces, but this attack failed and the French suffered terrible losses caused a rebellion in their ranks, and changes were made in the ranks of the French leadership.

The Battle of Pachandil, where the British lost 300,000 soldiers, was killed and wounded. The Allied forces suffered numerous defeats in the Russian, French and Italian fronts despite the victories of the Turks and their entry into Iraq and Palestine. .

The end of the 1918 war

Russia's exit from the war encouraged the German leadership to take advantage of (400) thousand German soldiers who were on the Russian front and directed them to fight the English and French, and the Germans were able to smash the British army in the fifth in March 1918, and the fierce fighting between the two sides that caused heavy casualties, The cost of the war in that year was about $ 10 million an hour.

The Allies began to regain their strength and launch great attacks on the Germans, which ended the war. It was known as the "Second Battle of the Marne" (Shawwal 1336 AH = July 1918). The day of the 1st of November 1336 AH (August 8, 1918) was a black day in German history. Germany began to collapse and captured about a quarter of a million Germans in three months. British forces entered all German lines, reached northern France, and the rest of the Allied forces arrived in France.

Germany was forced to negotiate with the existing imperial government, and this led to the establishment of the Republic in Germany after the resignation of the German Emperor, and signed a truce that ended the war in the ( 6 of 1337 AH = 11 November 1918) after four and a half years of fighting, which killed 10 million of the military, and wounded 21 million others.

Results

World War I resulted in considerable material and human losses and the decline of Europe's leading role in guiding world policy. The most important result of this war was a failed peace containing all elements that would ignite a second world war.

Significant human and material losses

Indian soldier of the British forces after the siege of Kut in Iraq

Nine million dead and many more wounded and maimed is the number of human casualties of the First World War. Russia's losses led to the loss of Germany, Austria, France, Britain, Italy and the United States.

The most important material losses occurred in the territories where the fighting took place. Agricultural crops were destroyed, livestock were destroyed, hundreds of thousands of houses and thousands of factories were destroyed, as well as damage to railroads and coal mines that one side or another flooded with water to prevent exploitation by the enemy.

Warring States in the peace phase therefore had to rebuild what had been destroyed by the war and turn the war industries into civilian industries. But the lack of funds and labor destroyed by the war largely hampered the desired reconstruction process.

Europe's centers decline in the world

During the war, European warring countries were forced to purchase many equipment and living materials from young countries whose territories were not affected by the war, such as the United States, Canada, Australia and Argentina, which made Europe a city for these countries after the war. Europe saw itself after the war forced to pay its debts from the gold reserves it owned, which led to a decline in the value of European currency and the emergence of inflation.

The United States was the first beneficiary of this situation on the grounds that it was the first creditor of Europe before and during the war. After the war, the United States raised Europe's debt by 45 percent of the world's gold reserves, making it the world's first creditor.

European colonial countries, led by Britain and France, were forced to intensify the exploitation of their colonies in terms of raw materials, manpower and fighters. Therefore, the peoples of these colonies saw that victory had been achieved thanks to them and that their reward for this credit could not be less than independence.

Peace is incomplete

On the right are British Prime Minister George Lloyd, Prime Minister of Italy Vittorino Orlando, Prime Minister of France George Clemenceau, President of the United States of America Woodrow Wilson

Peace Conference (1919)

Germany agreed to the signing of the truce on 11 November 1918 on the basis of the Wilson Principles. The peace conference, which was held in Paris on January 18, 1919, was attended by representatives of 32 allied countries and excluded the defeated states, Russia, and neutral countries. Therefore, the peace conference, which was held in Paris on January 18, 1919, This conference was a meeting of victorious states to share their gains and impose their will on a defeated, willful team. In addition, representatives of three States, France, the United Kingdom and the United States of America, had their views on all heads of delegations participating in the Conference.

The demands of the Conference

The conference showed the desire of France and Britain to expand their borders and acquire new colonies. The French not only demanded the return of Alsace and Lorraine from the Germans, but also the left bank of the Rhine as a defensive area and the German Saar area as a source of coal. For the colonies, French Prime Minister George Clemenceau, who was the head of his delegation, said that France's preservation of its colonies in North and Central Africa and South-East Asia, as well as the French mandate over Syria and Lebanon, were not negotiable.

The British prime minister, who headed the delegation to the conference Lloyd George, who objected to France's border demands, called for his country to inherit the German colonies in Africa and East Asia and the assignment to Egypt, Sudan, Palestine and Iraq, forgetting the British promise of independence of the Arab Mashreq under the banner of Sharif Hussein bin Ali.

Italian Prime Minister Orlando has called for the restoration of the Tarantan and Trieste regions to Italy.

President Wilson was among the heads of delegations of the major Powers to call for the establishment of the League of Nations and for the decisions of the Conference to be inspired by its 14 principles.

Decisions and results of the Conference

Change the political map of Europe

The Paris Conference decided to dismantle the German and Austrian empires by making adjustments to the political borders of the European countries. The European map showed new countries such as Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia and radical changes were made in the regimes of many countries. Turkey and Germany adopted the republican system and Austria became a small republic. It was transformed from the tsarist regime into a communist system after the 1917 Bolshevik revolution led by Vladimir Lenin.

Treaty of Versailles

This treaty was the harshest of the decisions of the Paris Conference and the most humiliating of the German people. A German delegation was summoned to Versailles on the outskirts of Paris and forced to sign this treaty, which included harsh conditions, the most important of which was the confiscation of about 25,000 square miles of German territory and annexation to Poland, Czechoslovakia and hold Germany alone responsible for the war and the demobilization of the army and read the terms of this treaty can be known why the German people reject them in detail and seek opportunities to cancel them and retaliate against those who imposed it.

Mandate

Faisal I

The Conference approved the colonial demands of Britain and France and approved the legitimacy of its mandate to the Arab Mashreq countries despite the objection of Prince Faisal bin Al Hussein, who attended the conference as an observer.

Nine million dead and many more wounded and maimed is the number of human casualties of the First World War. Russia's losses led to the loss of Germany, Austria, France, Britain, Italy and the United States.

The most important material losses occurred in the territories where the fighting took place. Agricultural crops were destroyed, livestock were destroyed, hundreds of thousands of houses and thousands of factories were destroyed, as well as damage to railroads and coal mines that one side or another flooded with water to prevent exploitation by the enemy.

Warring States in the peace phase therefore had to rebuild what had been destroyed by the war and turn the war industries into civilian industries. But the lack of funds and labor destroyed by the war largely hampered the desired reconstruction process.

Europe's centers decline in the world

During the war, European warring countries were forced to purchase many equipment and living materials from young countries whose territories were not affected by the war, such as the United States, Canada, Australia and Argentina, which made Europe a city for these countries after the war. Europe saw itself after the war forced to pay its debts from the gold reserves it owned, which led to a decline in the value of European currency and the emergence of inflation.

The United States was the first beneficiary of this situation on the grounds that it was the first creditor of Europe before and during the war. After the war, the United States raised Europe's debt by 45 percent of the world's gold reserves, making it the world's first creditor.

European colonial countries, led by Britain and France, were forced to intensify the exploitation of their colonies in terms of raw materials, manpower and fighters. Therefore, the peoples of these colonies saw that victory had been achieved thanks to them and that their reward for this credit could not be less than independence.

Peace is incomplete

On the right are British Prime Minister George Lloyd, Prime Minister of Italy Vittorino Orlando, Prime Minister of France George Clemenceau, President of the United States of America Woodrow Wilson

Peace Conference (1919)

Germany agreed to the signing of the truce on 11 November 1918 on the basis of the Wilson Principles. The peace conference, which was held in Paris on January 18, 1919, was attended by representatives of 32 allied countries and excluded the defeated states, Russia, and neutral countries. Therefore, the peace conference, which was held in Paris on January 18, 1919, This conference was a meeting of victorious states to share their gains and impose their will on a defeated, willful team. In addition, representatives of three States, France, the United Kingdom and the United States of America, had their views on all heads of delegations participating in the Conference.

The demands of the Conference

The conference showed the desire of France and Britain to expand their borders and acquire new colonies. The French not only demanded the return of Alsace and Lorraine from the Germans, but also the left bank of the Rhine as a defensive area and the German Saar area as a source of coal. For the colonies, French Prime Minister George Clemenceau, who was the head of his delegation, said that France's preservation of its colonies in North and Central Africa and South-East Asia, as well as the French mandate over Syria and Lebanon, were not negotiable.

The British prime minister, who headed the delegation to the conference Lloyd George, who objected to France's border demands, called for his country to inherit the German colonies in Africa and East Asia and the assignment to Egypt, Sudan, Palestine and Iraq, forgetting the British promise of independence of the Arab Mashreq under the banner of Sharif Hussein bin Ali.

Italian Prime Minister Orlando has called for the restoration of the Tarantan and Trieste regions to Italy.

President Wilson was among the heads of delegations of the major Powers to call for the establishment of the League of Nations and for the decisions of the Conference to be inspired by its 14 principles.

Decisions and results of the Conference

Change the political map of Europe

The Paris Conference decided to dismantle the German and Austrian empires by making adjustments to the political borders of the European countries. The European map showed new countries such as Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia and radical changes were made in the regimes of many countries. Turkey and Germany adopted the republican system and Austria became a small republic. It was transformed from the tsarist regime into a communist system after the 1917 Bolshevik revolution led by Vladimir Lenin.

Treaty of Versailles

This treaty was the harshest of the decisions of the Paris Conference and the most humiliating of the German people. A German delegation was summoned to Versailles on the outskirts of Paris and forced to sign this treaty, which included harsh conditions, the most important of which was the confiscation of about 25,000 square miles of German territory and annexation to Poland, Czechoslovakia and hold Germany alone responsible for the war and the demobilization of the army and read the terms of this treaty can be known why the German people reject them in detail and seek opportunities to cancel them and retaliate against those who imposed it.

Mandate

Faisal I

The Conference approved the colonial demands of Britain and France and approved the legitimacy of its mandate to the Arab Mashreq countries despite the objection of Prince Faisal bin Al Hussein, who attended the conference as an observer.

The League of Nations

The heads of delegations participating in the peace conference unanimously agreed to the establishment of the League of Nations, which was endorsed by President Wilson and entered as a key item in all treaties signed by the victors with the defeated The first goal of the League, which took the city of Geneva in Switzerland,

The League of Nations

The heads of delegations participating in the Peace Conference unanimously agreed to the establishment of the Organization of the League of Nations, which was endorsed by President Wilson and entered as a key item in all treaties signed by the victors with the defeated. The first objective of the League, which took the city of Geneva in Switzerland, To help create an atmosphere of understanding and trust among peoples.

However, things did not take place in this direction, as the League did not have a military force capable of implementing its decisions. It also became a tool for the victors of the war, which prompted the United States itself not to participate in its membership despite the idea.

War Crimes

For fear of the French and Belgian popular resistance, the German soldiers killed the girls in the city of Andini (211 dead), Tamans (384 dead) and Dinant (612 dead), and there were women and children among the victims. The Germans burned the city of Leuven and lit the city library, which contained some 230,000 books, killing 209 civilians and forcing 42,000 to leave the city. These actions have been condemned by the international community.

Reasons for entering the US war

Poster on recruitment in America

1. Combating the German will to control and influence.

2. The invasion of Belgium by the Germans and the lack of respect for international charters.

3. A harsh German treatment of the civilian population in the areas occupied by Germany.

4. The submarine war waged by the Germans, which greatly harmed American economic interests.

5. The Zimmermann Telegram: The Assistant Secretary of the German State at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs sends a telegram to the German Minister in Mexico proposing that Mexico be an ally of Germany if a war between Germany and the United States breaks out. And submitted to President Wilson and the US government.

US bankers and the United States government have lent large amounts of money to Britain and France to buy raw materials and food from the United States, so American bankers and businessmen have called on the US government to intervene alongside the Allies.

The impact of the First World War on the Arab World

On the eve of the First World War, the Arab world tried hard to share the Ottomans in running the affairs of the Sultanate and in finding a consensus to preserve its unity. But the Ottomans held the policy of tyranny, mismanagement and non-responsiveness with the Arabs, which led to the deterioration of Arab-Ottoman relations. Especially after the Ottoman Empire entered the First World War alongside Germany.

On the other hand, the Arabs found themselves in front of false British promises to establish an independent Arab state. Instead, Britain and France applied the Sykes-Picot Treaty, which provided for the partition of the Middle East and the Palestineization of Palestine. Later, the European presence remained in the Arab world from the mandate.

The reality of the Arab world before the war

The Arab countries were divided between the great powers. France controlled Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Mauritania, Somalia, and Djibouti. The British extended their influence over Egypt and the south of the Arabian Peninsula, east of Aden, Oman, Bahrain and Kuwait, while the Italians occupied Libya and the Ottomans controlled what remained of The Arab Orient Kalasham, Iraq, Hijaz and the heights of Asir, Yemen and the Arabian Gulf, but were found under the authority of Ibn Rashid and Ibn Saud.

Contacts Arab allies

Sharif Hussein bin Ali

The Arabs had disavowed Sharif al-Hussein bin Ali Sharif Mecca and protector of the Islamic holy sites had been between him and the Ottoman caliphate and he and his sons were hoping to establish a major Arab state and Britain was keen to attract Arabs to its side has entered into secret negotiations with Sharif Hussein and Exchange of letters between Sharif Hussein representative of the Arabs and Sir Henry McMahon, Britain's representative in Egypt and Sudan, known as the correspondence of Hussein McMahon explained in which Sharif is required by the Arabs to enter the war with Britain and these conditions are the independence of the Arab countries based on the east coast of the White Sea Mato I and the establishment of a major Arab country, including various parts of the Arab world with the exception of Egypt and North Africa, and despite the difference with MacMahon about the limits of the promised Arab state Arabs entered the war alongside Britain.

The Great Arab Revolution (1916)

The Great Arab Revolt began on June 10, 1916, with the declaration of Sharif Hussein, the Holy Jihad and the Revolution against the Ottomans with the help of the British intelligence officer Lawrence, the famous Lawrence of Arabia. His sons managed to control the Hejaz with the help of the British. Then his son Faisal advanced to Damascus and the Ottomans came to Damascus, The Arab government loyal to his father, who had declared himself king of the Arabs, but the allies did not recognize him only the king of the Hijaz and eastern Jordan.

In spite of Britain's pledges to the Arabs to establish a major Arab state, it negotiated secret agreements with France and Russia on the sharing of Ottoman property, including the Arab countries, and Britain and France were privy to a secret treaty known as the Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) And the French delegate Francois George Pico, who conducted these negotiations, which exposed after the Bolshevik revolution in Russia in 1917 and in the same year betrayed the British Arabs again if the Arabs promised to liberate and promised the Zionist leaders to establish a national homeland for the Jews in Palestine through the Balfour Declaration Edder on 2 November 1917

The Arab World under Mandate